Somatic hybridization and cybridization techniques and uses

कायिक संकरण (Somatic Hybridization):- 
दो भिन्न जातियों अथवा किस्मों के प्रोटोप्लास्टों के संलयन से संकर पौधे प्राप्त करने की प्रक्रिया को कायिक संकरण कहते हैं। इसके 4 मुख्य चरण होते हैं –
(The process of obtaining hybrid plants by fusion of protoplasts of two different species or varieties, is called somatic hybridization. It has 4 main steps -)
1. प्रोटोप्लास्ट पृथक्करण (Protoplast Isolation)
2. प्रोटोप्लास्ट संलयन (Protoplast Fusion)
3. संकर कोशिकाओं का वरण (Selection of Hybrid Cells)
4. संकर कोशिकाओं का संवर्धन (Culturing of Hybrid Cells)
1. प्रोटोप्लास्ट पृथक्करण (Protoplast Isolation):- इसके 2 मुख्य चरण हैं –
(It has 2 main steps -)
a. पर्ण का निर्जमीकरण (Sterilization of Leaf)
b. एन्जाइम उपचार (Enzyme Treatment)
a. पर्ण का निर्जमीकरण (Sterilization of Leaf):- पर्ण को 1 मिनट के लिए 70% एथेनॉल में डुबोकर रखते हैं। इसके पश्चात इस पर्ण को 20 से 30 मिनट के लिए 2% NaOCl विलयन में डुबोकर रखते हैं। अब इस पर्ण को 3 मिनट तक आसुत जल से धो लेते हैं।
(Soak the leaf in 70% ethanol for 1 minute. After this, keep this leaf in 2% NaOCl solution for 20 to 30 minutes. Now wash this leaf with distilled water for 3 minutes.)
b. एन्जाइम उपचार (Enzyme Treatment):- अब इस निर्जमित पर्ण को क्रमश: 2 एंजाइमों पेक्टीनेज  सेलुलेज से उपचारित कराया जाता है। पेक्टीनेज एन्जाइम मध्य पटलिका को विघटित कर देता है। सेलुलेज एन्जाइम कोशिका भित्ति को विघटित कर देता है। इसके फलस्वरूप प्रोटोप्लास्ट प्राप्त होते हैं। परासरणी सान्द्रता को बढ़ाने के लिए 500 – 800 ml/L सोर्बिटोल या मैनीटोल मिला देते हैं।
(Now this sterilized leaf is treated with 2 enzymes, pectinase and cellulase, respectively. The pectinase enzyme disintegrates the middle lamella. Cellulase enzymes decompose the cell wall. As a result protoplasts are obtained. To increase osmotic concentration, add 500 - 800 ml / L of sorbitol or mannitol.)
2. प्रोटोप्लास्ट संलयन (Protoplast Fusion):- इसके लिए 2 अलग – अलग प्रोटोप्लास्ट नमूनों को एक साथ मिश्रित किया जाता है। अब इस मिश्रण में Fusogen मिलाया जाता है जो प्रोटोप्लास्ट संलयन को प्रेरित करता है। 
(For this, 2 different protoplast samples are mixed together. Now Fusogen is added to this mixture which induces protoplast fusion.)

 

Fusogen के रूप में निम्न में से किसी एक कारक का उपयोग कर सकते हैं –
(One of the following factors can be used as Fusogen -)
i. PEG (Poly Ethylene Glycol)
ii. High pH + Ca2+
iii. NaNO3
iv. Electric Pulse
इस चरण के अन्त में 3 प्रकार के उत्पाद प्राप्त होते हैं –
(At the end of this step, 3 types of products are obtained -)
i. Homokaryon
ii. Heterokaryon
iii. Unfused protoplasts
3. संकर कोशिकाओं का वरण (Selection of Hybrid Cells):- इसकी अनेक विधियाँ हैं –
(It has several methods -)
i. Visual markers
ii. Staining of protoplast with fluorescent dyes
iii. Culture, Regeneration and Identification
iv. Red anthocynin marker and green protoplast marker:-
Tobacco (green)  X   Carrot (red)
v. Selective markers:-
Grape   X    Soybean
4. संकर कोशिकाओं का संवर्धन (Culturing of Hybrid Cells):-
Ø  पृथक्कृत संकर प्रोटोप्लास्ट कोशिकाओं को पेट्रीडिश में ठोस MS – माध्यम पर संवर्धित करते है।
(Isolated hybrid protoplast cells are proliferated on solid MS-medium in patridishes.)
Ø  Osmaticum:- यह ऐसा पदार्थ होता है जो परासरण सांद्रता को बढ़ाने का कार्य करता है। इसे एंजाइम मिश्रण  संवर्धन माध्यम दोनों में डाला जाता है। पृथक्करण  संवर्धन के दौरान प्रोटोप्लास्ट को परासरणी सुरक्षा की आवश्यकता पड़ती है क्योंकि अभी तक कोशिका भित्ति का निर्माण तो हुआ नहीं होता है। Osmaticum के रूप में निम्न में से किसी एक का उपयोग कर सकते है -
(It is a substance that acts to increase the osmotic concentration. It is added to both enzyme mixture and culture medium. The protoplast requires osmotic protection during isolation and culture because the cell wall has not yet been formed. One of the following can be used as osmaticum -)
i. सोर्बिटोल (Sorbitol)
ii. मैनीटोल (Manitol)
iii. ग्लूकोज (Glucose)
iv. सुक्रोज (Sucrose)
Ø  पेट्रीडिश को ढक्कन द्वारा ढककर पैराफीन वैक्स से सील कर देते हैं ताकि 40ºC पर माध्यम का शुष्कन  हो।
(Cover the patridish with a lid and seal it with paraffin wax so that the medium does not dry at 40ºC.)
Ø  अब इस पेट्रीडिश को इंक्यूबेटर में स्थानांतरित करते हैं जहां तापमान 25 – 28ºC और प्रकाश की तीव्रता 2300 लक्स रखे जाते हैं।
(Now transfer this patridish to the incubator where the temperature is 25 - 28ºC and the light intensity is 2300 lux.)
Ø  कुछ घण्टों के पश्चात कोशिका भित्ति निर्माण शुरू हो जाता है। 2 – 7 दिनों के पश्चात पहला कोशिका विभाजन होता है।
(Cell wall formation starts after a few hours. The first cell division occurs after 2–7 days.)
Ø  2 – 3 सप्ताहों के पश्चात बहुकोशिकीय समूह बन जाते हैं।
(Multicellular groups are formed after 2–3 weeks.)
Ø  अब इन कोशिकीय समूहों को osmaticum रहित माध्यम में स्थानांतरित करते हैं ताकि कैलस या भ्रूण का विकास हो सके।
(Now these cellular groups are transferred to a medium free of osmaticum so that callus or embryo can develop.)
Ø  और अधिक विभेदन से अंगजनन होता है और संकर पौधों का निर्माण हो जाता है।
(Further differentiation leads to organogenesis and development of hybrid plants.)

Applications of Somatic Hybridization:-
i. Disease resistance:- Disease resistance genes from one plant have been transferred to many others with the aid of somatic hybridization. Example: Tomato hybrids have been made that are resistant to diseases such as TMV and spotted wilt virus.
ii. Environmental tolerance:- Plants have been hybridized to tolerate extreme environments such as cold, heat and salt.
iii. Quality characters:- Desirable characters such as high protein content have been hybridized in many plants.
iv. Cytoplasmic male sterility:- Many traits in the cells are controlled by the cytoplasm. Somatic hybridization has the advantage of introducing such traits in the hybrids, e.g, resistance to antibiotics, herbicides and male sterility.

संकरों के प्रकार (Types of Hybrids):- कोशिकीय संकर 3 प्रकार के होते हैं –
(There are 3 types of cellular hybrids -)
1. सममित संकर (Symmetric Hybrids)
2. असममित संकर (Asymmetric Hybrids)
3. साइब्रिड्स (Cybrids)
1. सममित संकर (Symmetric Hybrids):- जब संकर कोशिका के समसूत्री विभाजन के दौरान दोनों जातियों के जीनोम कोशिकाओं में बने रहते हैं तो इस प्रकार विकसित पौधे सममित संकर कहलाते हैं। 
(When the genomes of both species are kept in the cells during mitosis of the hybrid cell, the plants thus developed are called symmetric hybrids.)
उदाहरण (Example):- Pomato (Potato X Tomato)
2. असममित संकर (Asymmetric Hybrids):- जब संकर कोशिका के समसूत्री विभाजन के दौरान किसी एक जाति का जीनोम कोशिकाओं से विलुप्त हो जाता है तो इस प्रकार विकसित पौधे असममित संकर कहलाते हैं।
(When the genome of a single species is extinct from cells during mitosis, the plants thus developed are called asymmetric hybrids.)
उदाहरण (Example):- Tobacco X Carrot
3. साइब्रिड्स (Cybrids):- जब कायिक संकरण के दौरान एक जाति से केन्द्रक  कोशिकाद्रव्य तथा दूसरी जाति से केवल कोशिकाद्रव्य आते हैं तो इस प्रकार बने संकर को साइब्रिड कहते हैं।
(When nucleic and cytoplasm from one species and only cytoplasm from another species come during somatic hybrids, the hybrids thus formed are called cybrids.)
Applications of Cybrids:-
i. Cybrids are important for the transfer of Cytoplasmic male Sterility, antibiotic and herbicide resistance in agriculturally useful plants.
ii. Two different parental genome that can not reproduce sexually (a sexual or sterile) are recombined.
iii. Overcomes sexual incompatibility barriers.
iv. Used in the study of cytoplasmic genes and their activities plant breeding experiments.
v. Used in mitochondrial research and have been used to provide suggestive evidence of mitochondrial involvement in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease.